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自前の認証局の実験
Modified: 9 October 2007
Created: 30 December 2005
自分で使う場合は、有償のSSL証明書を入手しなくても、自分が認証局の役割をすればいいのでその方法を実験してみました。
認証局の証明書の作成 - 認証局側
認証局側で行う作業です。有償の証明機関でサーバーIDを購入するときは、この作業は不要です。
以下のディレクトリに移動します。
設定ファイル（"/usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf"）を、一箇所変更します。
# # OpenSSL example configuration file. # This is mostly being used for generation of certificate requests. # # This definition stops the following lines choking if HOME isn't # defined. HOME = . RANDFILE = $ENV::HOME/.rnd # Extra OBJECT IDENTIFIER info: #oid_file = $ENV::HOME/.oid oid_section = new_oids # To use this configuration file with the "-extfile" option of the # "openssl x509" utility, name here the section containing the # X.509v3 extensions to use: # extensions = # (Alternatively, use a configuration file that has only # X.509v3 extensions in its main [= default] section.) [ new_oids ] # We can add new OIDs in here for use by 'ca' and 'req'. # Add a simple OID like this: # testoid1=1.2.3.4 # Or use config file substitution like this: # testoid2=${testoid1}.5.6 #################################################################### [ ca ] default_ca = CA_default # The default ca section #################################################################### [ CA_default ] dir = ./demoCA # Where everything is kept certs = $dir/certs # Where the issued certs are kept crl_dir = $dir/crl # Where the issued crl are kept database = $dir/index.txt # database index file. new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # default place for new certs. certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA certificate serial = $dir/serial # The current serial number crl = $dir/crl.pem # The current CRL private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# The private key RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # private random number file x509_extensions = usr_cert # The extentions to add to the cert # Comment out the following two lines for the "traditional" # (and highly broken) format. name_opt = ca_default # Subject Name options cert_opt = ca_default # Certificate field options # Extension copying option: use with caution. # copy_extensions = copy # Extensions to add to a CRL. Note: Netscape communicator chokes on V2 CRLs # so this is commented out by default to leave a V1 CRL. # crl_extensions = crl_ext default_days = 365 # how long to certify for default_crl_days= 30 # how long before next CRL default_md = md5 # which md to use. preserve = no # keep passed DN ordering # A few difference way of specifying how similar the request should look # For type CA, the listed attributes must be the same, and the optional # and supplied fields are just that :-) policy = policy_match # For the CA policy [ policy_match ] countryName = match stateOrProvinceName = match organizationName = match organizationalUnitName = optional commonName = supplied emailAddress = optional # For the 'anything' policy # At this point in time, you must list all acceptable 'object' # types. [ policy_anything ] countryName = optional stateOrProvinceName = optional localityName = optional organizationName = optional organizationalUnitName = optional commonName = supplied emailAddress = optional #################################################################### [ req ] default_bits = 1024 default_keyfile = privkey.pem distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name attributes = req_attributes x509_extensions = v3_ca # The extentions to add to the self signed cert # Passwords for private keys if not present they will be prompted for # input_password = secret # output_password = secret # This sets a mask for permitted string types. There are several options. # default: PrintableString, T61String, BMPString. # pkix : PrintableString, BMPString. # utf8only: only UTF8Strings. # nombstr : PrintableString, T61String (no BMPStrings or UTF8Strings). # MASK:XXXX a literal mask value. # WARNING: current versions of Netscape crash on BMPStrings or UTF8Strings # so use this option with caution! string_mask = nombstr # req_extensions = v3_req # The extensions to add to a certificate request [ req_distinguished_name ] countryName = Country Name (2 letter code) countryName_default = GB countryName_min = 2 countryName_max = 2 stateOrProvinceName = State or Province Name (full name) stateOrProvinceName_default = Berkshire localityName = Locality Name (eg, city) localityName_default = Newbury 0.organizationName = Organization Name (eg, company) 0.organizationName_default = My Company Ltd # we can do this but it is not needed normally :-) #1.organizationName = Second Organization Name (eg, company) #1.organizationName_default = World Wide Web Pty Ltd organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) #organizationalUnitName_default = commonName = Common Name (eg, your name or your server\'s hostname) commonName_max = 64 emailAddress = Email Address emailAddress_max = 64 # SET-ex3 = SET extension number 3 [ req_attributes ] challengePassword = A challenge password challengePassword_min = 4 challengePassword_max = 20 unstructuredName = An optional company name [ usr_cert ] # These extensions are added when 'ca' signs a request. # This goes against PKIX guidelines but some CAs do it and some software # requires this to avoid interpreting an end user certificate as a CA. basicConstraints=CA:FALSE # Here are some examples of the usage of nsCertType. If it is omitted # the certificate can be used for anything *except* object signing. # This is OK for an SSL server. nsCertType = server # For an object signing certificate this would be used. # nsCertType = objsign # For normal client use this is typical # nsCertType = client, email # and for everything including object signing: # nsCertType = client, email, objsign # This is typical in keyUsage for a client certificate. # keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment # This will be displayed in Netscape's comment listbox. nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Certificate" # PKIX recommendations harmless if included in all certificates. subjectKeyIdentifier=hash authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid,issuer:always # This stuff is for subjectAltName and issuerAltname. # Import the email address. # subjectAltName=email:copy # An alternative to produce certificates that aren't # deprecated according to PKIX. # subjectAltName=email:move # Copy subject details # issuerAltName=issuer:copy #nsCaRevocationUrl = http://www.domain.dom/ca-crl.pem #nsBaseUrl #nsRevocationUrl #nsRenewalUrl #nsCaPolicyUrl #nsSslServerName [ v3_req ] # Extensions to add to a certificate request basicConstraints = CA:FALSE keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment [ v3_ca ] # Extensions for a typical CA # PKIX recommendation. subjectKeyIdentifier=hash authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer:always # This is what PKIX recommends but some broken software chokes on critical # extensions. #basicConstraints = critical,CA:true # So we do this instead. basicConstraints = CA:true # Key usage: this is typical for a CA certificate. However since it will # prevent it being used as an test self-signed certificate it is best # left out by default. # keyUsage = cRLSign, keyCertSign # Some might want this also nsCertType = sslCA, emailCA # Include email address in subject alt name: another PKIX recommendation # subjectAltName=email:copy # Copy issuer details # issuerAltName=issuer:copy # DER hex encoding of an extension: beware experts only! # obj=DER:02:03 # Where 'obj' is a standard or added object # You can even override a supported extension: # basicConstraints= critical, DER:30:03:01:01:FF [ crl_ext ] # CRL extensions. # Only issuerAltName and authorityKeyIdentifier make any sense in a CRL. # issuerAltName=issuer:copy authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer:always #以下のように実行します。
証明書の公開鍵（"cacert.pem"）と秘密鍵（"cakey.pem"）を確認します。
秘密鍵の作成
サーバーの秘密鍵（"tomo.ac.key"）ができました。
これをこのまま使うと、Apacheを起動する度にパスワードの入力が求められますので、パスワードを不要にしておきます。もちろん、そのまま使って、毎回パスワードを入力させるほうがセキュリティが高いです。
これで利用時にパスワードのいらないサーバーの秘密鍵（"tomo.ac.nopass.key"）ができました。
CSR（Certificate Signing Request）とは、サーバーID（署名されたサーバーの証明書）を得るためのファイルのことで、有償の証明機関で証明してもらうためには、このCSRを送付します。
CSR（"csr.pem"）ができました。
以下のコマンドで、CSRから、サーバーIDを作成します。
サーバーID（"server.cert"）ができました。
サーバーの秘密鍵（"tomo.ac.key"）、パスワードのいらないサーバーの秘密鍵（"tomo.ac.nopass.key"）、そして、CSRから作られたサーバーID（"server.cert"）の３つをWEBサーバの"/etc/httpd/conf"にコピーします。
そして、"/etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf"を以下のように設定します。
：
<VirtualHost _default_:443>
：
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
ServerName www.tomo.ac:443
：
SSLCertificateFile /etc/httpd/conf/server.cert
：
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/httpd/conf/server.nopass.key
：
SSLCACertificateFile /etc/httpd/conf/cacert.pem
：
以下のコマンドで、証明書をDER形式に変更します。
# openssl x509 -in demoCA/cacert.pem -outform der -out cacert.derDER形式のクライアント証明書（"cacert.der"）ができました。
サーバー側でSSLの設定をしても、ブラウザ側で、証明書の登録をしないと以下のようなメッセージが出ます。
したがって、閲覧者のPCにクライアント証明書（"cacert.der"）のインストールが必要です。
クライアントのWindowsPCで、"cacert.der"を右クリックすると、「証明書のインストール」というメニューが見えますので、それを選択します。
すると、以下のウイザードが起動しますので、「次へ」をクリックします。
以下のように、「。。。自動的に。。。」のまま「次へ」をクリックします。
最後に、「完了」をクリックします。
以下のメッセージでは、「はい」をクリックします。
以下のメッセージで、「OK」をクリックします。
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